Chinese suppliers for boilers, compressed air and hydraulics

Checked October 2026 on the investor's budget question. New
docs/suppliers/china-utilities.md: boiler makers (ZOZEN, Sitong,
Fangkuai, Taiguo, Yuanda, Yongxing, Taishan, Nobeth) with fit for 500
kg/h at 1.25 MPa, claimed certificates, Thai references and listing
prices; the Thai rules for an imported boiler (MR and MOI notification
B.E. 2549: ASME/JIS/EN or equivalent, certification-body verification,
once-through relief does not reach 10.5 bar, licensed controller, annual
inspection); compressor makers with Thai offices (Kaishan, Denair) and
sizing; hydraulic pump sets and accumulators (Huade, Yuci, Hengli, WMD,
Renowell, Inovance, NXQ makers), the shared-ring-main risks and Thai HPU
builders; duty and freight; open RFQs.

Result: about 2M THB at the midpoint (~2.5M with contingency), ~1 % of
the 216M target, mostly the boilers; Newbilt aggregates stay Newbilt's.
total-investment notes it and lists the uncosted central hydraulic
plant; utilities CSV gets the Chinese candidates and route estimates;
backlinks from equipment-suppliers, pressing-line, README.

docs/equipment/pressing-line.md

@@ -62,8 +62,11 @@ automated candidate). What it means:
   Classic add pump sets in parallel on one manifold with the accumulators,
   and a standby set follows. Each branch gets its own isolation valves and
   filter: with one shared oil system, a contamination event otherwise
-  reaches every press. Steam and cooling follow the same pattern; the
-  phased list for all three is in
+  reaches every press. Chinese pump sets and accumulators for the
+  standby set were checked in October 2026; the press aggregates stay
+  Newbilt's ([Chinese suppliers](../suppliers/china-utilities.md#hydraulics)).
+  Steam and cooling follow the same pattern; the phased list for all
+  three is in
   [scale](../scale.md#utility-phasing-backbone-once-modules-with-the-presses).
 - **Cell layout (October 2026).** Each Duplex system is one operator's
   cell, as sketched in [duplex-cell-layout-sketch.png](duplex-cell-layout-sketch.png)

docs/finance/total-investment.md

@@ -67,8 +67,11 @@ on two shifts (estimate: the [scale](../scale.md) basis gives ~0.71 to
 
 Not in the total: a **reserve for the ramp-up** (staff hired before first
 revenue, overheads until volume covers them; ~10M to 20M THB, estimate),
-CD replication, financing costs, currency moves, and the archive's mobile
-shelving (to quote). The blocks are vendor prices without Thai duty or
+CD replication, financing costs, currency moves, the archive's mobile
+shelving (to quote), and the central hydraulic plant around the Newbilt
+aggregates: standby pump set, accumulator station and ring main (not
+costed yet; a Thai HPU builder quotes it,
+[Chinese suppliers](../suppliers/china-utilities.md#hydraulics)). The blocks are vendor prices without Thai duty or
 import VAT, so they assume BOI promotion: without it, ~5 % duty on ~2.3M
 USD of imported machinery (~0.11M USD) comes on top, plus ~0.17M USD of
 import VAT paid at the border and reclaimed later (estimates).
@@ -104,6 +107,17 @@ installations while the frame stays crane-ready (~3.7M THB) give ~185M
 before the reserve, still above 180M, so 180M is a low-quote outcome, not
 a plan.
 
+Chinese suppliers for the boilers, compressed air and hydraulics were
+checked in October 2026
+([Chinese suppliers](../suppliers/china-utilities.md)): about 2M THB at
+the midpoint, ~2.5M with its share of the contingency, mostly on the two
+boiler modules (ASME-stamped 1.25 MPa units from makers with Thai
+references, installed by a Thai contractor) and a little on the
+compressor (a Chinese brand bought through its Thai office). That is
+about 1 % of the target and does not change the answer; the Newbilt
+hydraulic aggregates stay Newbilt's. Chinese chillers and HVAC, larger
+blocks, are not checked yet.
+
 What decides it: the two largest machine lines have no price at all (the
 Classic and the Pheenix galvanics line), and the building depends on the
 soil. Four requests settle most of the band: the Newbilt re-quote for the

docs/finance/utilities-investment.csv

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 category,item,spec_summary,candidate_thai_suppliers,cost_low_thb,cost_high_thb,cost_basis,notes
-steam,Electric/gas once-through boiler bank,"2 x 500 kg/h modules at 10.5 bar / 180 C, lead/lag, shared feed tank, feed pumps, economizer, installed",Miura Thailand (Chachoengsao); Bangkok Industrial Boilers; STE Thailand,4500000,7000000,engineering estimate,"Launch plant (October 2026): one Duplex system and one Classic, 450-540 kg/h at Newbilt's 150-180 kg/h per press, so B-1 and B-2 both at launch; the boiler hall is built for four modules (scale.md utility phasing); a third module for N+1 is an RFQ option; Miura-class modular once-through; service is Bangkok-centric, confirm northern dispatch SLA"
+steam,Electric/gas once-through boiler bank,"2 x 500 kg/h modules at 10.5 bar / 180 C, lead/lag, shared feed tank, feed pumps, economizer, installed","Miura Thailand (Chachoengsao); Bangkok Industrial Boilers; STE Thailand; Chinese route (October 2026): ZOZEN, Sitong, Fangkuai, Taiguo (ASME claimed, Thai references, no Thai service partner), see suppliers/china-utilities.md",4500000,7000000,engineering estimate,"Launch plant (October 2026): one Duplex system and one Classic, 450-540 kg/h at Newbilt's 150-180 kg/h per press, so B-1 and B-2 both at launch; the boiler hall is built for four modules (scale.md utility phasing); a third module for N+1 is an RFQ option; Miura-class modular once-through; service is Bangkok-centric, confirm northern dispatch SLA; Chinese route estimate 2.8M-5.5M THB installed (two ASME-stamped 1.25 MPa bodies USD 15k-35k each, inspection and certification, freight, Thai contractor balance of plant), about 1.6M THB less at the midpoint; imported boilers need DIW certification-body verification either way"
 steam,Biomass/wood-fired boiler package (option),"~1 t/h solid fuel (wood chips/pellets/rice husk) incl. fuel feed, grate, dust control, softener, installed",Getabec PCL (Thai fabrication and service),6000000,10000000,engineering estimate,"Sized for the five-press fleet (was ~0.5 t/h for one Duplex); sustainability path matching Deepgrooves NL precedent; higher capex, lower fuel opex in the North; NOT included in baseline total"
 steam,Steam balance of plant,"Traps, accumulator, condensate return",Forbes Marshall Thailand,0,0,included,Largely included in boiler package rows; line kept for RFQ completeness
-compressed_air,Screw compressor skid (oil-injected),"~7.5 kW VSD screw + refrigerated dryer (3 C PDP) + coalescing filters + ~500 L receiver, installed",Atlas Copco Thailand; Kaeser Thailand (SM-T/Aircenter); Ingersoll Rand Thailand,350000,600000,engineering estimate,14-30 m3/h demand is small (5-10 hp class); oil-injected + filter train meets 5 micron / 3 C spec
+compressed_air,Screw compressor skid (oil-injected),"~7.5 kW VSD screw + refrigerated dryer (3 C PDP) + coalescing filters + ~500 L receiver, installed","Atlas Copco Thailand; Kaeser Thailand (SM-T/Aircenter); Ingersoll Rand Thailand; Chinese brands with Thai offices (October 2026): Kaishan Compressor (Thailand), Denair Thailand, see suppliers/china-utilities.md",350000,600000,engineering estimate,"14-30 m3/h demand is small (5-10 hp class); oil-injected + filter train meets 5 micron / 3 C spec; Chinese route estimate 0.15M-0.3M THB installed (PM VSD 11 kW class USD 2k-5k, dryer, receiver, filters, installation)"
 compressed_air,True oil-free class-0 (option),Same duty in oil-free class-0,Atlas Copco (ZR/ZT); Kaeser,1200000,1800000,engineering estimate,Only if air contacts product stream; NOT included in baseline total
 cooling,Process chiller bank 2 x 250 kW,"2 x ~71 RT air-cooled screw/scroll chillers rated at 40 C ambient (CH-1, CH-2) + primary pumps + plate HX + warm and cold tanks + VFD supply pumps + controls, backbone (HX frame, tanks, pumps, mains) sized for four modules, installed",Trane Thailand; Carrier Thailand; Daikin Applied Thailand; Hitachi Thailand,4900000,7900000,engineering estimate,"Launch plant (October 2026): Duplex system ~261 kW hot-afternoon peak (scale.md) plus the Classic up to ~125 kW (Newbilt per press), ~390 kW against 500 kW installed; was 3 x 250 kW at 6.5-10.5M for five presses, less one module at ~1.6-2.6M THB (estimate); CH-3 and CH-4 come with the growth options; 3 x 350 kW frame pads stay the alternative (steam-cooling.html)"
 cooling,Cooling tower + HX loop (alternative),Dry cooler or FRP tower ~650-750 kW reject + plate HX + pumps + tanks + water treatment,"Liang Chi Thailand (tower, large service org); Process Cooling Solutions; Tasaki (integrators)",2000000,3500000,engineering estimate,Cheaper capex but wet-bulb-limited; hybrid tower + trim chiller is the efficiency-optimal design; NOT included in baseline total

docs/suppliers/china-utilities.md

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+# Chinese suppliers: boilers, compressed air and hydraulics
+
+Checked October 2026, on the investor's budget question (see
+[total investment](../finance/total-investment.md#launch-plant-october-2026)):
+can buying the steam, air and hydraulic plant from China bring the launch
+plant down? This page lists who makes what, what is published about price,
+what Thai law asks of an imported boiler, and what the Chinese route saves
+against the Thai-supplier figures in the
+[utilities CSV](../finance/utilities-investment.csv).
+
+Every price below is a platform listing or a vendor price guide, not a
+quote: listings often span a whole series or are placeholders, and the
+terms (FOB, EXW) are rarely stated. Certifications are vendor claims
+unless stated; none was checked against the issuing body's register.
+1 USD = 33 THB.
+
+## The answer
+
+| System | Thai-supplier figure (installed) | Chinese route (installed, estimate) | Saves at the midpoint (estimate) |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| Steam: two 500 kg/h modules | 4.5M to 7.0M THB | ~2.8M to 5.5M THB | ~1.6M THB |
+| Compressed air: one PM VSD screw set | 0.35M to 0.6M THB | ~0.15M to 0.3M THB | ~0.25M THB |
+| Hydraulics: standby pump set and accumulators for the central plant | not costed yet | see below | ~0.2M to 0.5M THB on a part not yet in the total |
+
+**About 2M THB in all, ~2.5M with its share of the contingency: about
+1 % of the 216M target.** Worth taking for the boilers and the
+compressor, but it does not change the answer to the investor. The
+Newbilt hydraulic aggregates stay Newbilt's.
+
+How the Chinese route is built up (estimates):
+
+- **Steam**: two boiler bodies at USD 15k to 35k each (1.0M to 2.3M THB,
+  from the listings below, with a margin for an ASME-stamped 1.25 MPa
+  design); third-party inspection in China plus the Thai certification
+  body's verification and first inspection 0.15M to 0.4M THB; sea and
+  road freight to Chiang Mai with clearing 0.1M to 0.25M THB; feed tank,
+  feed pumps, steam header, blowdown, sequencing controls, feeders,
+  piping and commissioning by a Thai boiler contractor 1.5M to 2.5M THB.
+- **Air**: an 11 kW class PM VSD screw compressor USD 2k to 5k (66k to
+  165k THB), refrigerated dryer 15k to 43k THB, 500 l receiver 20k to
+  31k THB, filters 10k to 20k THB and installation 30k to 60k THB,
+  bought through a Chinese brand's Thai office so service stays local.
+
+## Steam boilers
+
+### What fits
+
+The presses need 10 bar at 180 °C, so each module runs at ~10.5 bar and
+needs a **1.25 MPa design**. Most Chinese packaged electric steam
+generators (LDR series, Nobeth, EPCB) are rated 0.4 to 0.8 MPa and cannot
+deliver that ([EPCB](https://epcbsteamboiler.com/product/electric-steam-boiler)).
+Specify WDR (horizontal electric), WNS (gas or oil fire tube) or LSS
+(vertical once-through) at 1.25 MPa.
+
+An electric module of 500 kg/h draws ~330 to 380 kW (our calculation from
+steam tables; Chinese tables list 360 to 375 kW), ~525 A at 400 V. Two
+modules are ~720 to 750 kW, which is the larger grid case already in
+[scale](../scale.md). The fuel choice itself is unchanged by the supplier
+question: biomass heat costs a quarter to a tenth of electric steam
+([sustainability](../sustainability.md)).
+
+### Makers
+
+| Maker | City | Fit for 500 kg/h at 1.25 MPa | Certifications claimed | Thai track record | Published price |
+|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+| [ZOZEN](https://www.zozenboilers.com/about/) | Wuxi, Jiangsu | WNS gas/oil from 1 t/h (no 0.5 t/h in the range); DZL biomass | ISO 9001, ASME S and U since 2007, CE/PED | Strongest found: claims a Thai office since 2003; Thai customers named ([Nobel NC, ASME required](https://www.zozenboiler.com/new/20_Ton_Steam_Boiler_for_Nitrocellulose_Enterprise_in_Thailand.html)); 2019 cooperation with Thai Steam Service & Supply, Bangkok ([ZOZEN news](https://en.zozen.com/news/cooperation-with-thai-steam-in-thailand-promotes-zozen-globalization-strategy.html)), not visible on Thai Steam's own site today | none for 0.5 to 1 t/h |
+| [Sitong](https://sitong-boiler.com/about-us/profile) | Henan | LSS once-through, WNS, DZL/SZL biomass, WDR electric (1.25 MPa at 0.5 t/h is a custom quote) | A1/A2 licence, ISO 9001, [ASME (2022)](https://sitong-boiler.com/news/Celebration__Sitong_Boiler_Obtain_ASME_License___385.html), CE | [2 t/h LPG once-through, Chanthaburi (2026)](https://sitong-boiler.com/case/oil-gas-fired-boiler/2_ton_of_Vertical_Type_LPG_Fired_Once_through_Flow_Boiler_for_a_Dried_Fruit_Factory_Shipped_to_Thailand_550.html), larger Thai biomass units; Boiler World Expo Bangkok 2025; no Thai agent | electric LDR/WDR USD 4,886 to 56,855 across sizes ([Made-in-China](https://hnsitong-boiler.en.made-in-china.com/product/IaZpMoVdrhRW/China-Fully-Automatic-Electric-Steam-Boiler-with-CE-Certification-System.html)) |
+| [Fangkuai](https://www.fkboilers.com/) | Zhengzhou, Henan | WNS, vertical, condensing gas, electric; [0.5 to 1 t/h range](https://fkboiler.com/capacity/1ton.html) | Class A licence, ISO 9001, ASME (2019) | [2 t/h gas boiler for a Thai food plant (2018)](https://www.boilermanufactory.com/cases/38.html); no Thai agent | biomass guide USD 12k to 30k for 0.5 to 2 t/h ([makeboiler.com](https://makeboiler.com/udm/cheapest-biomass-steam-boiler-price-guide)) |
+| [Taiguo](https://taiguo-boiler.com/about) | Zhoukou, Henan | WDR electric 0.5 to 6 t/h at up to 1.25 MPa: in range | Grade A, ISO 9001, ASME, CE (not verified) | [2 t/h biomass for a Thai rice mill (2026)](https://taiguoboilers.com/New/2t/h-biomass-steam-boiler-successfully-delivered-to-thailand.html); no Thai agent | electric 0.5 t/h / 375 kW USD 18k to 32k ([price guide](https://taiguo-steamboiler.com/blog/electric-steam-boiler-price)) |
+| Yuanda Taikang | Taikang, Henan | WDR0.5-1.25: exactly the module | not found | none | CNY 53,500 domestic list, 2020 ([912688](https://www.912688.com/supply/358200839.html)) |
+| [Yongxing](https://yx-boiler.com/about) | Zhoukou, Henan | electric, gas/oil, biomass | Class A, ASME S and U, CE; several sites name different legal entities | lists Thailand as an export market, no named project | none |
+| [Taishan Group](https://coalbiomassboiler.com/project-case/) | Tai'an, Shandong | large biomass; WNS from 1 t/h; a reference, not a fit | ASME on Thai projects | Thai Beverage biomass EPC, Thachana Palm Oil | none |
+| [Nobeth](https://www.nobethsteam.com/Electric-Steam-Boiler) | Wuhan, Hubei | electric to 720 kW, but 0.7 to 0.8 MPa: **does not reach 10 bar** | Type B licence only | Thai-language site, no agent | none |
+
+Other per-model listings: Devotion WNS0.5-1.0 gas USD 19,600
+([listing](https://www.madeinchina.com/mall/show-0-5-Ton-Gas-Oil-Fired-Horizontal-Fire-Tube-Steam-Boiler_1008074.html),
+1.0 MPa design, too low); Energy Smart 0.5 t gas USD 10,999
+([ECER](https://ecer.com/corp/details-uuu5byt-pudpggy-automatic-0-5ton-industrial-gas-fired-steam-boilers-500kg-h-natural-origin.html)).
+ZU HOW once-through boilers have a Thai distributor (CF Group Thailand)
+but are Taiwanese, not mainland Chinese.
+
+No mainland maker was found with a verified Thai service partner, so a
+Thai boiler contractor and the certification body are the service layer
+whichever boiler is bought.
+
+### What Thai law asks of an imported boiler
+
+From the Ministerial Regulation on boilers B.E. 2549
+([law.industry.go.th file 59206](http://law.industry.go.th/laws/file/59206))
+and the MOI notification on boiler safety B.E. 2549
+([Royal Gazette](https://ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/documents/203397.pdf)),
+checked October 2026:
+
+- Design to TIS or an international standard, "ASME, JIS, EN or
+  equivalent", checked and certified by a DIW-registered boiler
+  certification body or licensed engineer (clause 4).
+- An **imported** boiler must meet those standards and be verified by a
+  registered certification body (clause 12); the manufacturer's data
+  report and design and inspection reports go to DIW (clause 10).
+- The once-through relief only covers units of at most 10 m² heating
+  surface **and** a maximum allowable working pressure of at most
+  10 kg/cm² (~9.8 bar). A module running at ~10.5 bar is above it, so the
+  full rules apply (our reading).
+- Installation drawings checked, inspection before first use reported to
+  DIW within 30 days (clauses 11, 14); a licensed boiler controller on
+  site (clauses 15 to 16; training and DIW registration,
+  [DIW manual](http://reg.diw.go.th/manual/fac/13.pdf)); inspection at
+  least once a year (clause 18). The labour-side regulation B.E. 2564
+  adds licensed-engineer installation and testing and the feedwater
+  standard.
+- GB (Chinese code) is not named. A GB-code boiler rests on "or
+  equivalent" and on what the certification body accepts; no precedent
+  was found. A listing saying a GB steel is "equal to ASME SA516" is a
+  material claim, not an ASME design.
+- DIW announced a first meeting in 2026 to revise the boiler,
+  pressure-vessel and refrigeration rules (search snippet of a DIW post
+  only). Recheck before the RFQ.
+
+**So the RFQ to Chinese makers asks for an ASME Section I design with the
+S stamp** (or an ASME design with third-party inspection during
+manufacture, e.g. Bureau Veritas), the full dossier (calculations,
+drawings, manufacturer's data report, mill certificates, WPS/PQR and
+welder qualifications, NDT and hydrotest records, safety-valve
+certificates), 400 V / 50 Hz, and a DIW-registered certification body
+engaged before the order. The same applies to a boiler bought from a
+Thai supplier.
+
+## Compressed air
+
+Demand at launch is ~14 to 30 m³/h (0.23 to 0.5 m³/min), below the full
+flow of even a 7.5 kW screw (~1.0 to 1.25 m³/min). A PM VSD unit with a
+low minimum flow (~0.27 to 0.29 m³/min) and the 500 l receiver covers it;
+a second unit comes later.
+
+| Maker | Origin | Small PM VSD models | Thai presence | Published price |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| Kaishan | Quzhou, Zhejiang | BMVF 7.5 / 11 / 15 kW ([specs](https://kaishan-group.com/products/11-Kaishan-BMVF-Series-Screw-Air-Compressor.html)); the Thai catalogue starts its PMV range at 15 kW ([Kaishan Thailand](https://www.kaishanthailand.com/product-pmv/)) | **Two Thai companies**: Kaishan (Thailand), Lat Krabang, Bangkok, 02-046-3338 ([contact](https://www.kaishanthailand.com/contact/)); Kaishan Compressor (Thailand), Bang Phli, the parent's direct sales and service centre with a parts warehouse ([site](https://kaishancompressorthailand.com/en/parts-and-service/)) | BMVF15 USD 1,538 to 2,000 from traders (search snippets) |
+| Denair | Shanghai | DAV-7 (7.4 kW, 0.29 to 1.40 m³/min), DAV-11 ([distributor](https://denair.no/en/skruekompressorer)) | Thai office in Samut Prakan, a Northern Thailand contact (thailand03@denair.net, +66 92 888 6577) ([Denair Asia](https://www.denair.net/contact_us/denair_in_asia.html)); distributors IQS, Newtech | DVA 15 VSD with one year of spares USD 4,854 ([Denair's Alibaba store](https://denairgroup.en.alibaba.com/productgrouplist-807095462/VSD_Air_Compressor.html)) |
+| Bolaite (Atlas Copco group) | Shanghai | BLT S PM+ from 7.5 kW | no official distributor; BMJ Supply (Chonburi) sells its dryers and filters | none usable |
+| Elang | Shanghai | ERE VSD from 7.5 kW | claims a Thai agent, none named | none |
+| AirHorse / Wind Air | Guangzhou | 4-in-1 units, dryers | Air Horse Compressor (Thailand), Ban Bueng, Chonburi | dryer USD 200 to 1,000 |
+
+Taiwanese, not mainland: Fusheng (two Thai companies claim the
+distributorship), Hanbell (airends), Jaguar/Dongya (Taiwan-invested,
+made in Xiamen). Liuzhou Fuda and Bolaite are Atlas Copco owned.
+
+Thai street references: a 7.5 kW direct-drive set with dryer, two filters
+and a 250 l tank at 130,000 THB
+([Akara](https://www.akaratools.com/product/893682)), and an 11 kW (15 hp)
+compressor at 100,000 THB with a matching dryer at 43,000 THB
+([Akara](https://www.akaratools.com/product/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9-15%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2)). A 500 l, 10 bar
+receiver lists at USD 850 to 950 FOB on Made-in-China.
+
+Oil-injected Chinese units claim 1 to 3 ppm carry-over (~3.6 mg/m³ at
+3 ppm, our conversion), so the coalescing filter train stays in the spec.
+"Grade 1" efficiency (GB 19153) on a listing is a claim: ask for the China
+Energy Label or CQC certificate and an ISO 1217 Annex E test sheet. No
+mainland brand lists a Chiang Mai service point; ask Kaishan Compressor
+Thailand and Denair's northern contact for the nearest technician and
+response time.
+
+## Hydraulics
+
+The Duplex system comes with Newbilt's hydraulic aggregate (in the quote),
+and the Classic with its own; the open question for the re-quote is
+whether Newbilt accepts a central supply at all and whether its warranty
+needs its own aggregate ([pressing line](../equipment/pressing-line.md)).
+**The press aggregates stay Newbilt's.** The Chinese route only fits the
+central plant's other parts: the standby pump set, the accumulator
+station and spares. Those, and the ring main, are not costed in the
+investment yet; a Thai HPU builder's quote prices them.
+
+| Supplier | City | What | Thai presence | Published price |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| [Huade](https://www.huade-hyd.com/EN.aspx) (state-owned) | Beijing | pumps, valves (4WE under Rexroth licence), complete systems | none; exports via Jiangsu Huafilter; two other firms use the name | components only |
+| [TZ Yuci](http://en.tzyy.com.cn/) | Jinzhong, Shanxi | pumps, Yuken-series valves, standard stations | none | none |
+| [Hengli](https://www.henglihydraulics.com/en/index.html) (listed) | Changzhou, Jiangsu | pumps, valves, cylinders, systems | nearest plant in Indonesia (2025) | none |
+| WMD Industrial | Xiamen | 15 kW HPU, piston pump 26 to 82 l/min, 21 MPa, 400 l tank | none | **USD 7,000** ([listing](https://rogerlin9043.en.made-in-china.com/product/pUQRlfuEDVWx/China-Power-Packs-Power-Unit-hydraulic-Station-for-Testing-Platform.html)): the closest published match |
+| Suzhou Renowell | Suzhou | 22 kW servo pump set (pump, servo motor, drive) | none | USD 2,400 to 2,500, no tank or valves ([listing](https://d74d1270a2df5da2.en.made-in-china.com/product/HEjrmkPDqYWu/China-Energy-Saving-22kw-50cc-380V-50Hz-Hydraulic-Servo-Motor-System-for-High-Pressure-Hydraulic-Press.html)) |
+| Inovance | Shenzhen | IS580 servo-pump drives | Vietnam and Singapore offices | 15 kW drive USD 714 (reseller) |
+| Hongda, Ningbo Buck, Zhenyuan | Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian | NXQ bladder accumulators, accumulator stations | none | station USD 1,000 ([Hongda](https://www.bjjsgy.com/cuu48em-hongda-accumulator-com/guu9c1a-hydraulic-accumulator-station.html)); 50 l price not clean |
+
+European reference: a HYDAC 50 l, 330 bar bladder accumulator is EUR
+1,440 ex VAT ([Disumtec](https://www.disumtec.com/en/hydac/3800000499-hydac-bladder-accumulator-50l-sb330-50a1-112u.html));
+Rexroth and HYDAC power units have no public price.
+
+Risks that decide how far to go:
+
+- **One oil system for every press.** A contamination event on a shared
+  ring main reaches every press, and contamination causes most hydraulic
+  failures ([Donaldson](https://test-www.donaldson.com/en/resources/technical-articles/minimizing-hydraulic-system-contamination)).
+  Specify an ISO 4406 target, flushing to ISO 23309 (GB/T 25133 is the
+  Chinese equivalent), particle counts at factory acceptance and after
+  site flushing, non-bypass branch filters, isolation per press, an
+  online particle counter and a kidney loop.
+- **What is inside.** Fix pump, valve, filter, accumulator and drive
+  brands and part numbers in the RFQ, with a full BOM, so spares can be
+  bought anywhere; accumulators are pressure vessels, so ask for PED or
+  ASME certificates per serial number.
+- **Service.** No Chinese maker has a Thai service entity. Thai HPU
+  builders can build or service the central plant around specified
+  components: Bernuly Supply (Samut Prakan, ISO 9001, Yuken;
+  [site](https://bernuly.co.th/)), B.P. Power Engineering
+  ([site](https://www.bpthai.com/product.php?id=17)), ISE Thailand (will
+  build around a customer-specified pump;
+  [site](https://www.isethailand.com/14096786/hydraulic-power-unit)),
+  Thai-A (Kawasaki, Parker), and Yuken SEA (Bangkok). Bosch Rexroth has a
+  Thai company in Rayong.
+
+Recommendation: ask a Thai HPU builder to quote the standby set,
+accumulator station, manifold and ring main twice, once with
+European/Japanese components and once with Huade or Hengli pumps and
+valves and Chinese accumulators, after Newbilt has stated its pressure,
+flow, oil and ISO 4406 requirements in writing.
+
+## Import duty and freight
+
+The blocks in the investment are without Thai duty, on the assumption of
+BOI promotion ([BOI](../boi.md)). For boilers (HS 8402) one tariff
+aggregator lists a 30 % MFN rate ([treayo](https://treayo.cn/en/guide/heading/8402)),
+not verified; the ASEAN-China FTA with a Form E certificate of origin and
+the BOI machinery exemption can both bring it down. Confirm each HS code
+in the [Thai Customs tariff database](http://itd.customs.go.th/igtf/viewerImportTariff.do?param=main).
+Sea freight Shanghai to Laem Chabang is ~USD 1,300 per 40 ft container
+(Drewry spot, September 2026) and 7 to 10 days port to port; inland
+haulage to Chiang Mai was not found. A fired boiler body ~2.7 m high may
+need an open-top or flat-rack container (our note).
+
+## Open
+
+- **Open:** boiler RFQ to ZOZEN, Sitong, Fangkuai and Taiguo (two
+  500 kg/h modules, 1.25 MPa, ASME S stamp, dossier as above, electric and
+  fired variants) against Miura Thailand; check their ASME claims in the
+  ASME certificate holder register.
+- **Open:** compressor quotes from Kaishan Compressor Thailand and
+  Denair Thailand (7.5 kW PM VSD, 3 °C dryer, filter train, 500 l
+  receiver, installed in Chiang Mai), with the nearest technician named.
+- **Open:** Newbilt's written hydraulic requirements, then the Thai HPU
+  builder quote in two component variants.
+- **Open:** a DIW-registered boiler certification body engaged before
+  any boiler order.
+- Not checked yet: Chinese chillers (the chiller bank is 4.9M to 7.9M
+  THB) and HVAC (7.5M to 15M THB), both larger than the three systems
+  above.

docs/suppliers/equipment-suppliers.md

@@ -182,6 +182,10 @@ feeds the colour/splatter work the semi-automatic line is meant to serve.
   precedent)
 - Water treatment for boiler feed and closed-loop cooling
 - Compressed air generation
+- Chinese suppliers for the steam boilers, compressed air and the
+  central hydraulic plant (checked October 2026: makers, published
+  prices, Thai offices, and what Thai law asks of an imported boiler) are
+  in [Chinese suppliers](china-utilities.md)
 - Hydraulic oil (~200 L, ISO VG 32/46 HLP per DIN 51524-2, per Newbilt spec)
 - Whole-factory HVAC: continuous temperature (20-26 °C), humidity (35-60%
   RH), and PM control with zoned filtration tiers, sized for northern