Steam and cooling plant for the five-press fleet; utilities re-based
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New page docs/steam-cooling.html (site /demos/steam-cooling/): the utility plant as a clickable process diagram. Steam side: raw water, softener and dosing, feed tank with heat-pump feedwater recovery, feed pumps, a bank of two 500 kg/h boilers (third for N+1 as an option), separator and metering, optional accumulator, blowdown, the 10 bar header with a valved, metered branch and trap per press, drip legs and condensate return. Cooling side: Newbilt's press outlets are open (max. 2 bar), so returns drain to a warm tank, pass the heat pump, an optional dry cooler and a plate heat exchanger to a cold buffer tank, and VFD pumps feed the 20 to 25 C header at ~10 bar to every press, the extruders and the central hydraulic oil cooler; the chiller loop (three 250 kW air-cooled modules at 40 C ambient, fourth as option) stays closed and clean. Galvanics cooling (12 to 20 C) is a separate circuit. Operating cases (launch, Duplex system 1, five presses, one module down) show demand against installed capacity; design basis with sources, equipment schedule, RFQ questions. Static SVG, no per-frame work. Design basis at Newbilt's per-machine figures: steam 750 to 900 kg/h, cooling 652.5 kW (625 presses, 15 extruders, 12.5 hydraulics), 305 to 540 l/min circulating. Also found: Newbilt's 53 l/min at ~60 C out is ~140 kW, above its 125 kW peak; listed as a re-quote question. Re-based in the same commit: - scale.md: electrical table (chiller bank ~210 to 325 kW electrical, plant peak ~430 to 700 kW, ~950 to 1,330 kW with electric steam), grid 800 to 1,000 kVA (1,250 to 1,600 with electric steam, Schedule 4 past 1,000 kW), tariff 4.5M to 6.8M THB/yr, battery ~1 h of chiller peak, boiler and chiller banks, biomass up to ~550 t/yr at 1.5 M records, utilities money line. - sustainability.md, biomass.md: same figures; electric steam 5.2M to 6.0M THB/yr mature, 1.6M to 1.8M early; fuel saving 4.0M to 5.4M. - utilities CSV: boiler bank, chiller bank with HX and tanks, softener and loop treatment re-sized; baseline 23.98M-41.63M -> 30.07M-51.33M. - total-investment.md: re-size as an added-scope row (+185k / +294k USD); headline 4.7M to 8.9M unchanged until the investment re-base. - pressing-line, equipment-suppliers, facility-security, fleet calculator (boiler 1000 kg/h, chiller 750 kW), plant page detail texts; README, landing page, build.sh.
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@@ -11,9 +11,10 @@ from day one.
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## Renewable energy: large solar installation
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The pressing machinery itself is a modest electrical load: 32 kVA connected,
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~21 kW average for a full Duplex line. The real energy demand sits in the
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utilities around it, above all the steam generator (400 kg/h saturated steam
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at 10 bar / 180 °C) and the 250 kW cooling system.
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~21 kW average for a full Duplex line, ~118 kVA for the five-press fleet.
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The real energy demand sits in the utilities around it, above all the steam
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(750 to 900 kg/h of saturated steam at 10 bar / 180 °C for five presses) and
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process cooling (up to ~650 kW), drawn in [steam and cooling](steam-cooling.html).
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- A large rooftop/ground PV installation is planned. Northern Thailand's solar
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irradiance is favorable, and daytime-heavy production shifts align well with
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@@ -28,7 +29,8 @@ at 10 bar / 180 °C) and the 250 kW cooling system.
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can exceed the 800 V window of the smaller Deye series), and obtaining
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Gobel's safety certifications (not published) for a Thai commercial
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install. At 271 kWh the stack is a ride-through buffer, not full
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off-grid autonomy, against loads like the 250 kW cooling system; under
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off-grid autonomy, against loads like the chiller bank's ~210 to 325 kW
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peak draw; under
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PEA's time-of-use tariff it earns little from peak shaving
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([grid tariff](#grid-tariff-pea-and-what-it-decides)).
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- The machine load and cooling system are straightforward PV targets.
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@@ -108,9 +110,11 @@ the electric-boiler route is chosen.
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The deepest efficiency in this plant comes from its own thermodynamics: the
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steam's job is to heat the molds, and the cooling water's job is to remove
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that same heat again, so roughly 98% of the 250 kW cooling load is heat
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leaving the press molds, put there almost entirely by the steam, and the
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press cooling return exits at ~60 °C. That
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that same heat again, so roughly 98% of the press cooling load (up to 125 kW a
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press, ~650 kW for the five-press fleet) is heat leaving the press molds,
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put there almost entirely by the steam, and the press cooling return exits
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at ~60 °C (Newbilt site requirements; the concept is drawn in
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[steam and cooling](steam-cooling.html)). That
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warm return is a premium heat source, and the architecture is built around
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reusing it before generating anything new:
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@@ -163,7 +167,8 @@ PEA's [Ft page](https://www.pea.co.th/en/our-services/tariff/ft), both
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checked 7 October 2026. Plant consumption and demand are this repo's
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estimates ([scale](scale.md)).
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**Which tariff applies.** At 300 to 750 kW of peak demand the plant is
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**Which tariff applies.** At ~430 to 700 kW of peak demand without
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electric steam (five presses, [scale](scale.md)) the plant is
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Schedule 3, Medium General Service (30 to under 1,000 kW and at most
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250,000 kWh a month on a three-month average). The flat-rate 3.1 is closed
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to customers classified after November 2015, so a new plant is on **3.2,
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@@ -183,35 +188,39 @@ transformer adds 2 % to kW and kWh, so meter at 22 kV; the minimum bill is
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70 % of the highest demand charge of the last twelve months; a power factor
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below about 0.85 (reactive demand above 61.97 % of active) costs 56.07 THB
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per kVAR, so the motor loads need correction. With electric steam the plant
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would average ~210,000 kWh a month (estimate) and busy months could cross
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250,000, which moves it to Schedule 4; that schedule's TOU rate 4.2.2 is
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would average ~210,000 kWh a month (estimate) and its ~950 to 1,330 kW
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peak crosses 1,000 kW, which moves it to Schedule 4; that schedule's TOU rate 4.2.2 is
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identical, so the price does not change. Connecting a high-voltage meter
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below 69 kV costs a 15,000 THB inspection fee plus a security deposit of
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400 THB per kVA (PEA tariff page, rates from January 2020): 200k to 400k
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THB for a 500 to 1,000 kVA transformer.
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400 THB per kVA (PEA tariff page, rates from January 2020): ~320k to 400k
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THB for the 800 to 1,000 kVA transformer the five-press plant needs
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without electric steam, 500k to 640k THB for 1,250 to 1,600 kVA with it.
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**What it costs the plant.** Two shifts from 06:00 to 22:00 on ~300 days
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(about 243 weekdays and 57 Saturdays, estimate) put ~66 % of process energy
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into peak hours: a blended **~3.81 THB/kWh** including Ft, before the
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demand charge. Without electric steam (1,000 to 1,500 MWh a year, 300 to
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450 kW peak) the bill comes to roughly **4.3M to 6.4M THB a year** before
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solar, 0.5M to 0.7M of it demand charge (estimate).
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demand charge. Without electric steam (1,000 to 1,500 MWh a year, 430 to
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700 kW peak) the bill comes to roughly **4.5M to 6.8M THB a year** before
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solar, 0.7M to 1.1M of it demand charge (estimate).
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**Electric versus biomass steam**, for the same heat as in
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[biomass](biomass.md): 350 to 400 t of wood at 80 % boiler efficiency,
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~1,120 to 1,280 MWh of heat a year at maturity.
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~1,120 to 1,280 MWh of heat a year at maturity (about 1.0 million records;
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the start fleet at its full ~1.5 million needs ~1,750 MWh, and both
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columns scale with it).
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| | Electric boiler (~98 %) | Biomass boiler (~80 %) |
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|---|---|---|
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| Price of heat | ~3.9 THB/kWh, plus the demand charge | ~0.5 to 0.9 THB/kWh at 1.35 to 2 THB/kg delivered ([reported market prices](biomass.md#fuel-prices-market-check-october-2026), October 2026; no supplier quote yet) |
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| Running cost, mature two shifts | **~4.7M to 5.5M THB/yr**: 1,140 to 1,310 MWh plus 200 to 300 kW of extra peak demand (0.3M to 0.5M) | **~0.6M to 1.2M THB/yr** of fuel, plus fuel handling and ash |
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| Boiler package ([utilities CSV](finance/utilities-investment.csv)) | 2.5M to 4M THB | 4M to 7M THB, plus the fuel store |
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| Grid | peak demand 600 to 750 kW: bigger transformer and deposit | unchanged |
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| Running cost, mature two shifts | **~5.2M to 6.0M THB/yr**: 1,140 to 1,310 MWh plus 520 to 625 kW of extra peak demand for the five-press boiler bank (0.8M to 1.0M) | **~0.6M to 1.2M THB/yr** of fuel, plus fuel handling and ash |
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| Boiler package ([utilities CSV](finance/utilities-investment.csv)) | 4.5M to 7M THB for 2 × 500 kg/h | ~6M to 10M THB, plus the fuel store |
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| Grid | peak ~950 to 1,330 kW: Schedule 4, 1,250 to 1,600 kVA transformer and deposit | unchanged (~800 to 1,000 kVA) |
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The electric boiler is the more efficient machine; biomass is by far the
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cheaper heat. At maturity the fuel saving of ~3.5M to 4.9M THB a year
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cheaper heat. At maturity the fuel saving of ~4.0M to 5.4M THB a year
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repays the biomass premium in under a year (estimate). Even early, at a
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quarter of the heat, electric steam costs ~1.4M to 1.7M THB a year against
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quarter of the heat, electric steam costs ~1.6M to 1.8M THB a year (one 500 kg/h
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module) against
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~0.15M to 0.3M of fuel, because the demand charge is set by the boiler's full-power
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draw, not by its average. Moving electric steam to off-peak hours barely
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helps: the presses need steam while they run, and the peak window covers
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@@ -286,7 +295,8 @@ either tank is ordered.
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The reference process schematic shows a conventional open "dirty water"
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cooling loop. We will not build it that way.
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- Cooling (up to 250 kW, 220 l/min peak, roughly 98% of it mold cooling) will
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- Cooling (up to ~650 kW and 540 l/min for the five presses, roughly 98% of
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it mold cooling) will
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run as a closed loop with a cooling tower/chiller, so process water is
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recirculated rather than discharged.
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- Steam condensate will be recovered and returned to the treated feedwater
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