perf: backfill one dam per request via the api/dam range endpoint

GET app.rid.go.th/reservoir/api/dam?dam_id&date_start&date_end returns a
single dam's whole date range in one response — Mae Ngat's 2009-today
archive is ~4 chunked requests instead of the ~2,900 one-day POSTs the
all-dams path needs. Field names differ from api/dams and are mapped in
parse_dam_range_records, verified equal on spot-checked dates; the range
endpoint also carries DMD_ULevel, the reservoir level in m MSL that
api/dams stopped publishing after ~2013.

scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py defaults to the fast per-dam path
(--all-dams keeps the full-fleet crawl, --refresh rewrites stored days).
Already-stored dates are still skipped, junk values are still bounded,
and the consecutive-failure abort still applies.

docs/DATA_SOURCES.md

@@ -184,7 +184,14 @@ Oct 2024 flood). Mae Kuang Udom Thara is the second upstream reservoir.
 | Source | What | Access |
 |---|---|---|
 | `https://app.rid.go.th/reservoir/api/dams` | **INGESTED** — daily snapshot of all ~35 large dams (storage/inflow/outflow MCM, % of usable). `POST` with form field `date=YYYY-MM-DD` (empty = today); GET returns 404 "Unknown method." Archive ≥ 2009; `level_msl` (`DMD_Q`) populated in older years only. Mae Ngat = `DAM_ID 200103` — hit 113% usable capacity, ~19 MCM/day inflow, in Oct 2024. Collected daily by `src/rid_reservoir.py` into `rid_dams` + `rid_reservoir_daily`; backfill via `scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py` | Open, no auth |
-| `https://lsim.rid.go.th/ForeCast?reservoirid=22` | Mae Ngat daily status/forecast (RID) | Open, scrape — timed out from outside RID network when probed 2026-08-13 |
+| `https://lsim.rid.go.th/ForeCast?reservoirid=22` | Mae Ngat daily status/forecast (RID) | **UNREACHABLE — do not plan around it.** Probed 2026-08-13 from a Thai consumer ISP (AIS Fibre, TH) *and* from abroad: DNS resolves (122.154.18.207) but ICMP is 100% loss and ports 80/443/8080 are filtered, while `app.rid.go.th` answers in 0.27 s over the same connection. Down or RID-internal-only — not a geo-block |
+| `https://app.rid.go.th/reservoir/api/dam` | **Per-dam daily series in ONE request** — `GET` with `dam_id=200103&date_start=YYYY-MM-DD&date_end=YYYY-MM-DD&percent=`. Archive to 2009 (scattered single-day gaps). Far cheaper than the per-day `api/dams` loop the backfill used (one request vs ~2,900); prefer it for gap repair and for adding other dams. Sibling `api/damgraph` takes the same params | Open, no auth |
+| `https://bigdata-api.rid.go.th` (SWOC) | **Intraday reservoir state** — RID SWOC telemetry, hourly with an explicit `hourly_time_utc` stamp; includes Mae Ngat (`TUP.16`) reservoir level m MSL and % capacity. **Snapshot-only — no archive**, so it can only be accumulated forward | Open, no auth |
+| ThaiWater `public/waterlevel_load` stations `ridhydro_TUP.16` (at the dam) / `ridhydro_TUP.11` (dam outlet) | Hourly Mae Ngat reservoir level and outlet stage/flow. **Snapshot-only — `waterlevel_graph` returns empty grids for these ids at every era** (verified 2026-08-13). Collected hourly by our HII collector since 2026-08-11; accumulating forward | Open, no auth |
+| ThaiWater `public/waterlevel_graph` station `P.75` (id 3253) | **The practical dam-release signal**: hourly stage+discharge 3.8 km below the Mae Ngat dam, history to 2019. Already ingested as a core RID station and a model feature since v1 | Open, no auth |
+| ThaiWater `public/waterlevel_graph` station `MOU301` "สะพานน้ำแม่งัด" (id 1475118) | 10-minute stage on the Mae Ngat *above* the reservoir (inflow arm). History only from ~mid-2025; level only, no discharge | Open, no auth |
+| ThaiWater `api-v3 .../analyst/dam` (dam.id 53) | EGAT-sourced copy of Mae Ngat carrying reservoir **level in m MSL historically** — the field RID's own API stopped populating (`DMD_Q`) after ~2013. Daily, no observation time | Open, no auth |
+| `https://tiwrm.hii.or.th/DATA/REPORT/php/rid_bigcm_raw.php?sdate=YYYY-MM-DD` | HII HTML mirror of the RID large-dam daily table. Daily and *intermittent* (2026 YTD publishes ~108 of 225 days) — a cross-check, not a primary source | Open, no auth |
 | `https://water.egat.co.th` | EGAT dams (Bhumibol/Sirikit) hourly+daily inflow/outflow/level | Endpoint catalog not public; contact EGAT (0-2436-8186). Only relevant downstream of Bhumibol |
 | ThaiWater `/v2/large-dam/*`, `dam_rulecurve/graph` | All large/medium dams incl. hourly | Requires HII API key (§2.2) |
 

docs/FLOOD_FORECASTING.md

@@ -509,8 +509,28 @@ event-peak amplitude (−0.11 → −0.03 m on the Sep 2024 event), and `rise_da
 opt-in via `--dam` on the training CLI, `scripts/backtest_render.py --dam`,
 and the `rise_rain_dam` / `rise_dam` harness variants). The collector keeps
 accruing daily rows; revisit post-monsoon when the 2026 season adds dam-era
-flood events — an intraday scrape (the lsim.rid.go.th source, reachable only
-from Thai networks) would remove the publication-lag objection entirely.
+flood events.
+
+**Why the lag is probably not the whole story — P.75 already *is* the dam
+signal.** A 2026-08-13 source sweep put the negative result on firmer
+ground: **P.75 "บ้านช่อแล" sits 3.8 km downstream of the Mae Ngat dam** on
+the Mae Ngat river (nearest other station: P.4A at 10.9 km), it reports
+hourly, and it has been a model input since v1 with a 12 h routed lead into
+P.1. Whatever the reservoir releases flows past P.75 within the hour and the
+model already reads it. The daily reservoir table therefore offers a stale,
+coarser proxy of a signal the features capture hourly and directly — which
+is the more likely reason it adds nothing and costs alarm responsiveness.
+
+That reframes what a future intraday source would have to beat: not "no dam
+information", but "hourly observed dam *outflow*". Genuine intraday
+reservoir-state feeds do exist and are open (`bigdata-api.rid.go.th` SWOC
+telemetry, and ThaiWater station `ridhydro_TUP.16` *at the dam*), but both
+are **snapshot-only — no archive** (verified: the history endpoint returns
+empty grids for them at every era, including the current one). They can only
+be accumulated forward, so they cannot retrain against 2024/2025 events.
+The HII collector already captures both hourly as of 2026-08-11; revisit
+after the 2026 monsoon, when a season of true intraday reservoir state
+exists alongside its flood events.
 
 **Shipped from the same work:** the HII gap-fill merge in the data loader
 (`fill_from_hii`, +9,341 h at P.81, +682 h at P.92, +810 h at P.20) is

scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py

@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
 """Backfill rid_reservoir_daily with RID large-dam history (Mae Ngat et al.).
 
-One request per day against app.rid.go.th/reservoir/api/dams (archive reaches
-back to at least 2009). Days already stored are skipped, so reruns only fetch
-what is missing — safe alongside the hourly live collector, and a rerun
-repairs holes left by transient failures.
+Two paths, both idempotent and both skipping what is already stored, so a
+rerun repairs holes left by transient failures and is safe alongside the
+hourly live collector:
+
+  --dam-id (default: Mae Ngat)  one dam, whole range, via api/dam — a handful
+                                of requests for the entire 2009-today archive
+  --all-dams                    all ~35 dams, one request per calendar day via
+                                api/dams — thousands of requests, ~25 minutes
 
 Usage:
-    uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py                    # missing days since 2018-08-01
-    uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py --start 2015-01-01
+    uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py                     # Mae Ngat since 2018-08-01
+    uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py --start 2009-01-01  # full archive
+    uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py --refresh           # rewrite stored days too
+    uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py --all-dams --start 2015-01-01
     uv run scripts/backfill_rid_reservoir.py --db-url postgresql://...
 """
 
@@ -21,7 +27,12 @@ import sys
 sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), ".."))
 
 from src.config import Config
-from src.rid_reservoir import RidReservoirStore, backfill
+from src.rid_reservoir import (
+    MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID,
+    RidReservoirStore,
+    backfill,
+    backfill_dam,
+)
 
 DEFAULT_START = datetime.date(2018, 8, 1)  # start of the water_measurements grid
 
@@ -34,6 +45,27 @@ def main(argv=None) -> int:
     parser.add_argument("--end", type=datetime.date.fromisoformat, default=None)
     parser.add_argument("--db-url", default=None)
     parser.add_argument("--throttle", type=float, default=0.4)
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--dam-id",
+        default=MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID,
+        help="dam to backfill via the fast range endpoint (default Mae Ngat)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--all-dams",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="every dam, one request per calendar day (slow full-fleet path)",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--chunk-days",
+        type=int,
+        default=1830,
+        help="days per range request; the endpoint imposes no limit of its own",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--refresh",
+        action="store_true",
+        help="re-fetch days already stored (adds level_msl to api/dams rows)",
+    )
     args = parser.parse_args(argv)
 
     logging.basicConfig(
@@ -59,10 +91,35 @@ def main(argv=None) -> int:
         return 1
     end = args.end or datetime.date.today()
     span_days = (end - args.start).days + 1
-    missing = span_days - len(store.present_dates(args.start, end))
-    saved = backfill(store, args.start, end, throttle_seconds=args.throttle)
-    print(f"backfilled {saved} dam-day rows ({missing} days were missing)")
-    return 0 if saved or missing == 0 else 1
+    dam_id = None if args.all_dams else args.dam_id
+    missing = span_days - len(store.present_dates(args.start, end, dam_id=dam_id))
+    if args.all_dams:
+        saved = backfill(store, args.start, end, throttle_seconds=args.throttle)
+        print(f"backfilled {saved} dam-day rows ({missing} days were missing)")
+        return 0 if saved or missing == 0 else 1
+
+    stats = {}
+    saved = backfill_dam(
+        store,
+        dam_id=args.dam_id,
+        start=args.start,
+        end=end,
+        chunk_days=args.chunk_days,
+        throttle_seconds=max(args.throttle, 1.0),
+        skip_present=not args.refresh,
+        stats=stats,
+    )
+    still_missing = span_days - len(
+        store.present_dates(args.start, end, dam_id=args.dam_id)
+    )
+    print(
+        f"backfilled {saved} dam-day rows for dam {args.dam_id} "
+        f"(requests: {stats.get('requests', 0)}, {missing} days were missing, "
+        f"{still_missing} never published by the source)"
+    )
+    # A rerun saves nothing once the archive is complete — only a real
+    # transport/database failure is an error here.
+    return 1 if stats.get("aborted") or stats.get("failures") else 0
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

src/rid_reservoir.py

@@ -7,6 +7,13 @@ dam in Thailand — storage, inflow and outflow in MCM — with archive depth
 back to at least 2009. GET returns 404 ("Unknown method."); the POST body
 may be empty but must carry a Content-Length.
 
+A sibling endpoint transposes that axis: ``GET .../api/dam`` with
+``dam_id``/``date_start``/``date_end`` returns ONE dam over a whole date
+range. It is GET-only (POST answers 404 "Unknown method.") and served the
+full 2009-01-01..today archive — 6,362 rows, 4.7 MB — in a single ~6 s
+response, so backfilling one dam costs one request instead of one per
+calendar day. Field names differ from api/dams; see parse_dam_range_records.
+
 The reservoir that matters for P.1 flood forecasting is Mae Ngat Somboon
 Chon (DAM_ID 200103), the only large dam upstream of Chiang Mai: during the
 Oct 2024 record flood it reached 113% of usable capacity with inflow spikes
@@ -26,7 +33,9 @@ import requests
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 RID_DAMS_URL = "https://app.rid.go.th/reservoir/api/dams"
+RID_DAM_RANGE_URL = "https://app.rid.go.th/reservoir/api/dam"
 MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID = "200103"
+RID_ARCHIVE_START = datetime.date(2009, 1, 1)  # earliest date api/dam serves
 
 # Per-column NUMERIC capacity; source junk beyond these becomes NULL instead
 # of overflowing the insert and discarding the whole daily batch.
@@ -91,6 +100,62 @@ def parse_dam_records(payload: Dict) -> List[Dict]:
     return records
 
 
+def parse_dam_range_records(payload: Dict) -> List[Dict]:
+    """Flatten one api/dam single-dam range payload into the same rows as
+    parse_dam_records, so both endpoints feed one store.
+
+    api/dam names its columns differently and suffixes each measurement
+    ``_curr`` / ``_prev``; ``_prev`` is the SAME calendar date one year
+    earlier (confirmed against api/dams' DMD_Date_prev) and is dropped —
+    those days are rows of their own. Mapping, verified equal to api/dams
+    on 2019-01-05, 2024-09-24, 2024-10-05 and 2026-08-08:
+
+        DMD_QUse_curr          -> storage_mcm   (identical)
+        PERCENT_DMD_QUse_curr  -> storage_pct   (2 dp; api/dams rounds to
+                                                 whole percent, 112.62 vs 113)
+        DMD_Inflow_curr        -> inflow_mcm    (identical)
+        DMD_Outflow_curr       -> outflow_mcm   (identical)
+        DMD_ULevel_curr        -> level_msl     (only source of the level:
+                                                 api/dams' DMD_Q is ' - ' for
+                                                 all 35 dams, and api/dam's
+                                                 DMD_Q_curr is a constant 0.00)
+
+    Dam metadata (name, region, capacities) and coordinates are carried too,
+    so the range path never has to blank rid_dams.
+    """
+    coords = payload.get("dam_coordinates") or {}
+    payload_dam_id = payload.get("dam_id")
+    records = []
+    for row in payload.get("dam_data") or []:
+        dam_id = row.get("DAM_ID") or payload_dam_id
+        try:
+            date = datetime.date.fromisoformat(row.get("DATE_curr") or "")
+        except ValueError:
+            continue
+        if not dam_id:
+            continue
+        records.append(
+            {
+                "dam_id": dam_id,
+                "region": row.get("DAM_Region") or payload.get("dam_region"),
+                "name_th": row.get("DAM_Name") or payload.get("dam_name"),
+                "latitude": _to_float(coords.get("lat")),
+                "longitude": _to_float(coords.get("lng")),
+                "capacity_max_mcm": _to_float(row.get("DAM_QMax")),
+                "capacity_normal_mcm": _to_float(row.get("DAM_QStore")),
+                "date": date,
+                "storage_mcm": _to_float(row.get("DMD_QUse_curr")),
+                "storage_pct": _to_float(row.get("PERCENT_DMD_QUse_curr")),
+                "inflow_mcm": _to_float(row.get("DMD_Inflow_curr")),
+                "outflow_mcm": _to_float(row.get("DMD_Outflow_curr")),
+                # An MSL elevation of exactly 0 is "not published", not a
+                # reading — these dams sit between 45 and 400 m.
+                "level_msl": _to_float(row.get("DMD_ULevel_curr")) or None,
+            }
+        )
+    return records
+
+
 class RidReservoirClient:
     """HTTP client for the RID reservoir daily-status API."""
 
@@ -98,9 +163,11 @@ class RidReservoirClient:
         self,
         url: str = RID_DAMS_URL,
         session: Optional[requests.Session] = None,
-        timeout: int = 60,
+        timeout: int = 120,
+        range_url: str = RID_DAM_RANGE_URL,
     ):
         self.url = url
+        self.range_url = range_url
         self.session = session or requests.Session()
         self.timeout = timeout
 
@@ -116,6 +183,36 @@ class RidReservoirClient:
         response.raise_for_status()
         return parse_dam_records(response.json())
 
+    def fetch_dam_range(
+        self, dam_id: str, start: datetime.date, end: datetime.date
+    ) -> List[Dict]:
+        """Every published day in [start, end] for one dam, in one request.
+
+        GET only — api/dam answers POST with 404 "Unknown method.", the exact
+        opposite of api/dams. An unrecognised dam_id still returns HTTP 200
+        but with a PHP notice page instead of JSON, so a decode failure is
+        reported as a bad request rather than a transport error.
+        """
+        response = self.session.get(
+            self.range_url,
+            params={
+                "dam_id": dam_id,
+                "date_start": start.isoformat(),
+                "date_end": end.isoformat(),
+                "percent": "",
+            },
+            timeout=self.timeout,
+        )
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        try:
+            payload = response.json()
+        except ValueError as e:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"api/dam returned non-JSON for dam_id '{dam_id}' "
+                f"({start}..{end}) — unknown dam_id?"
+            ) from e
+        return parse_dam_range_records(payload)
+
 
 class RidReservoirStore:
     """SQL persistence for dam metadata + daily measurements.
@@ -205,20 +302,53 @@ class RidReservoirStore:
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.warning(f"rid_reservoir_daily migration skipped: {e}")
 
-    def _upsert(self, table: str, key_cols: List[str], value_cols: List[str]) -> str:
+    def _upsert(
+        self,
+        table: str,
+        key_cols: List[str],
+        value_cols: List[str],
+        preserve_cols: "tuple[str, ...]" = (),
+    ) -> str:
+        """Build an upsert; columns in `preserve_cols` keep their stored value
+        when the incoming one is NULL.
+
+        Dam metadata needs that: any payload that omits a name or coordinate
+        would otherwise blank a good rid_dams row on every later write.
+        """
         cols = key_cols + value_cols
         col_list = ", ".join(cols)
         params = ", ".join(f":{c}" for c in cols)
+        conflict = ", ".join(key_cols)
         if self.db_type == "sqlite":
-            return f"INSERT OR REPLACE INTO {table} ({col_list}) VALUES ({params})"
-        if self.db_type == "postgresql":
-            updates = ", ".join(f"{c} = EXCLUDED.{c}" for c in value_cols)
-            conflict = ", ".join(key_cols)
+            if not preserve_cols:
+                return f"INSERT OR REPLACE INTO {table} ({col_list}) VALUES ({params})"
+            updates = ", ".join(
+                f"{c} = COALESCE(excluded.{c}, {table}.{c})"
+                if c in preserve_cols
+                else f"{c} = excluded.{c}"
+                for c in value_cols
+            )
             return (
                 f"INSERT INTO {table} ({col_list}) VALUES ({params}) "
                 f"ON CONFLICT ({conflict}) DO UPDATE SET {updates}"
             )
-        updates = ", ".join(f"{c} = VALUES({c})" for c in value_cols)
+        if self.db_type == "postgresql":
+            updates = ", ".join(
+                f"{c} = COALESCE(EXCLUDED.{c}, {table}.{c})"
+                if c in preserve_cols
+                else f"{c} = EXCLUDED.{c}"
+                for c in value_cols
+            )
+            return (
+                f"INSERT INTO {table} ({col_list}) VALUES ({params}) "
+                f"ON CONFLICT ({conflict}) DO UPDATE SET {updates}"
+            )
+        updates = ", ".join(
+            f"{c} = COALESCE(VALUES({c}), {c})"
+            if c in preserve_cols
+            else f"{c} = VALUES({c})"
+            for c in value_cols
+        )
         return (
             f"INSERT INTO {table} ({col_list}) VALUES ({params}) "
             f"ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE {updates}"
@@ -247,9 +377,20 @@ class RidReservoirStore:
             "outflow_mcm",
             "level_msl",
         ]
-        dam_sql = self._upsert("rid_dams", ["dam_id"], dam_cols + ["updated_at"])
+        dam_sql = self._upsert(
+            "rid_dams",
+            ["dam_id"],
+            dam_cols + ["updated_at"],
+            preserve_cols=tuple(dam_cols),  # never blank metadata we already have
+        )
         measure_sql = self._upsert(
-            "rid_reservoir_daily", ["dam_id", "date"], measure_cols
+            "rid_reservoir_daily",
+            ["dam_id", "date"],
+            measure_cols,
+            # Only api/dam carries a level (api/dams' DMD_Q is ' - ' for every
+            # dam), so the hourly collector would blank the backfilled level
+            # of today and yesterday on every cycle.
+            preserve_cols=("level_msl",),
         )
         now = datetime.datetime.now()
         dams = {}
@@ -275,21 +416,31 @@ class RidReservoirStore:
             return 0
 
     def present_dates(
-        self, start: datetime.date, end: datetime.date
+        self,
+        start: datetime.date,
+        end: datetime.date,
+        dam_id: Optional[str] = None,
     ) -> "set[datetime.date]":
-        """Dates in [start, end] that already have rows, for backfill skipping."""
+        """Dates in [start, end] that already have rows, for backfill skipping.
+
+        `dam_id` narrows the answer to one dam: the per-day fleet backfill can
+        treat any stored date as done, but a per-dam backfill must not skip a
+        date merely because some other dam published it.
+        """
         if not self.engine and not self.connect():
             return set()
         from sqlalchemy import text
 
+        sql = (
+            "SELECT DISTINCT date FROM rid_reservoir_daily "
+            "WHERE date >= :start AND date <= :end"
+        )
+        params = {"start": start, "end": end}
+        if dam_id is not None:
+            sql += " AND dam_id = :dam_id"
+            params["dam_id"] = dam_id
         with self.engine.begin() as conn:
-            values = conn.execute(
-                text(
-                    "SELECT DISTINCT date FROM rid_reservoir_daily "
-                    "WHERE date >= :start AND date <= :end"
-                ),
-                {"start": start, "end": end},
-            ).fetchall()
+            values = conn.execute(text(sql), params).fetchall()
         dates = set()
         for (value,) in values:
             if isinstance(value, str):  # sqlite returns ISO strings
@@ -374,6 +525,97 @@ def backfill(
     return total
 
 
+def backfill_dam(
+    store: RidReservoirStore,
+    dam_id: str = MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID,
+    start: datetime.date = RID_ARCHIVE_START,
+    end: Optional[datetime.date] = None,
+    client: Optional[RidReservoirClient] = None,
+    chunk_days: int = 1830,
+    throttle_seconds: float = 1.0,
+    skip_present: bool = True,
+    stats: Optional[Dict] = None,
+) -> int:
+    """Backfill ONE dam over [start, end] using the range endpoint.
+
+    Costs one request per chunk instead of one per calendar day: Mae Ngat's
+    whole 2009-today archive is ~4 requests here versus ~6,400 with
+    `backfill`. No server-side range limit was observed (2009-01-01..today
+    answered in full), so `chunk_days` exists only to bound the response size
+    and the time a single request can hang, not to satisfy the API.
+
+    Chunks whose dates are already stored are skipped without a request, and
+    returned rows are filtered to the missing dates, so a rerun repairs holes
+    rather than rewriting the archive. `skip_present=False` re-fetches
+    everything, which is how rows first written by the api/dams collector
+    gain a level_msl and two-decimal storage_pct.
+
+    Returns rows saved. Some dates stay missing however often this runs —
+    the source simply never published them (72 days of Mae Ngat's archive,
+    absent from api/dams too) — so a 0-row rerun is normal and callers must
+    not read it as failure; pass `stats` to get the request/failure counts
+    that actually distinguish an outage.
+    """
+    client = client or RidReservoirClient()
+    end = end or datetime.date.today()
+    counters = {"requests": 0, "failures": 0, "aborted": False}
+    if stats is not None:
+        stats.update(counters)
+        counters = stats
+    if not store.engine and not store.connect():
+        logger.error("backfill_dam aborted: database connection failed")
+        counters["aborted"] = True
+        return 0
+    span_days = (end - start).days + 1
+    if span_days <= 0:
+        return 0
+    present = store.present_dates(start, end, dam_id=dam_id) if skip_present else set()
+    logger.info(
+        f"backfill_dam {dam_id}: {span_days - len(present)} of {span_days} "
+        f"days missing in [{start}, {end}]"
+    )
+    total = 0
+    failures = 0
+    chunk_start = start
+    while chunk_start <= end:
+        chunk_end = min(chunk_start + datetime.timedelta(days=chunk_days - 1), end)
+        wanted = {
+            chunk_start + datetime.timedelta(days=i)
+            for i in range((chunk_end - chunk_start).days + 1)
+        } - present
+        if not wanted:
+            chunk_start = chunk_end + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+            continue
+        try:
+            counters["requests"] += 1
+            records = client.fetch_dam_range(dam_id, chunk_start, chunk_end)
+            records = [r for r in records if r["date"] in wanted]
+            saved = store.save(records)
+            if records and not saved:
+                raise RuntimeError("database save persisted 0 rows")
+            total += saved
+            failures = 0
+            logger.info(
+                f"backfill_dam {dam_id} [{chunk_start}, {chunk_end}]: "
+                f"{saved} rows ({total} total)"
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            failures += 1
+            counters["failures"] += 1
+            logger.warning(
+                f"backfill_dam {dam_id} [{chunk_start}, {chunk_end}] failed "
+                f"({failures} in a row): {e}"
+            )
+            if failures >= 5:
+                logger.error("5 consecutive failures — aborting backfill_dam")
+                counters["aborted"] = True
+                break
+        chunk_start = chunk_end + datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+        if chunk_start <= end:
+            time.sleep(throttle_seconds)
+    return total
+
+
 def create_collector_from_config() -> Optional[RidReservoirCollector]:
     """Build a collector from app Config; None when disabled or non-SQL DB."""
     from .config import Config

tests/test_dashboard.py

@@ -14,12 +14,18 @@ def test_dashboard_contains_live_map_and_flow_visualization():
     assert "leaflet" in html.lower()
 
 
-def test_dashboard_explains_flow_legend_and_refresh():
-    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+def _body(html: str) -> str:
+    """Markup only. The STRINGS table repeats every English phrase, so a
+    whole-file search would pass even if an element were deleted."""
+    return html[html.index("<body>"):html.index("<script src=")]
 
-    assert "Flow status" in html
-    assert "Last updated" in html
-    assert "Refresh" in html
+
+def test_dashboard_explains_flow_legend_and_refresh():
+    body = _body(DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8"))
+
+    assert 'data-i18n="legend.flow"' in body
+    assert 'data-i18n="stat.updated"' in body
+    assert 'data-i18n="action.refresh"' in body
 
 
 def test_dashboard_uses_mapped_river_network_instead_of_station_connections():
@@ -35,7 +41,7 @@ def test_dashboard_loads_additional_thaiwater_sensors():
     html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
     assert "fetch('/sensors/thaiwater')" in html
-    assert "Additional basin stations" in html
+    assert 'data-i18n="sensors.title"' in _body(html)
     assert 'id="station-search"' in html
     assert "applyStationSearch" in html
 
@@ -67,23 +73,105 @@ def test_dashboard_shows_hii_rainfall_layer():
     assert "fetch('/api/hii/waterlevel/latest')" in html
     assert "renderRainLayer" in html
     assert "rain-toggle" in html
-    assert "Rainfall · 24 h" in html
+    body = _body(html)
+    assert 'data-i18n="legend.rain"' in body
     # TMD rain classes on the legend
-    assert "Heavy 35–90" in html
-    assert "Extreme &gt; 150" in html
+    assert 'data-i18n="legend.rain.heavy"' in body
+    assert 'data-i18n="legend.rain.extreme"' in body
 
 
 def test_dashboard_loads_station_history_chart():
     html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
 
-    assert "Station history" in html
+    assert 'id="history-card"' in html
     assert "/api/forecast/history/" in html
-    assert "Model 24 h peak (as issued)" in html
+    assert "'chart.model'" in html
     assert "PostgreSQL" not in html
     assert "/measurements/history/" in html
     assert "history-chart" in html
     # Date-range picker alongside the quick-range dropdown
     assert 'id="history-start"' in html
     assert 'id="history-end"' in html
-    assert "Last 7 days" in html
-    assert "Last 90 days" in html
+    assert 'data-i18n="range.7d"' in _body(html)
+    assert 'data-i18n="range.90d"' in _body(html)
+
+
+def _extract_lang_tables(html: str) -> dict:
+    """Pull the `en:` / `th:` key sets out of the STRINGS literal.
+
+    Parsing the JS with a regex is crude, but it is enough to catch the failure
+    that matters: a key added to one language and forgotten in the other, which
+    silently falls back to English for Thai readers.
+    """
+    import re
+
+    start = html.index("const STRINGS = {")
+    end = html.index("// Thai unless the visitor's browser", start)
+    block = html[start:end]
+    tables = {}
+    for lang in ("en", "th"):
+        section = re.search(rf"\n        {lang}: {{\n(.*?)\n        }},\n", block, re.S)
+        assert section, f"{lang} table not found in STRINGS"
+        tables[lang] = set(re.findall(r"^\s{12}'([^']+)':", section.group(1), re.M))
+    return tables
+
+
+def test_dashboard_translations_cover_both_languages():
+    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    tables = _extract_lang_tables(html)
+
+    assert len(tables["en"]) > 100, "expected the full English string table"
+    missing_th = tables["en"] - tables["th"]
+    missing_en = tables["th"] - tables["en"]
+    assert not missing_th, f"keys missing a Thai translation: {sorted(missing_th)}"
+    assert not missing_en, f"Thai-only keys with no English fallback: {sorted(missing_en)}"
+
+
+def test_dashboard_i18n_markup_keys_exist():
+    """Every data-i18n attribute must resolve to a real string key."""
+    import re
+
+    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    keys = _extract_lang_tables(html)["en"]
+    used = set(re.findall(r'data-i18n(?:-placeholder|-title|-aria)?="([^"]+)"', html))
+    unknown = used - keys
+    assert not unknown, f"markup references undefined string keys: {sorted(unknown)}"
+
+
+def test_dashboard_is_mobile_portrait_safe():
+    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    # The header row overflowed a 412 px Android viewport by 64 px until it wrapped
+    assert "flex-wrap: wrap" in html
+    assert "overflow-x: hidden" in html
+    assert 'id="lang-toggle"' in html
+    assert "ping-monitor-lang" in html  # remembered language choice
+
+
+def test_dashboard_translates_user_visible_aria_labels():
+    """A Thai page must not hand screen-reader users English landmarks."""
+    import re
+
+    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+    body = _body(html)
+    for match in re.finditer(r'<[^>]*\saria-label="[^"]+"[^>]*>', body):
+        tag = match.group(0)
+        if "data-i18n-aria" in tag or "id=\"lang-toggle\"" in tag:
+            continue  # the toggle sets its own label per language in JS
+        raise AssertionError(f"aria-label without a translation key: {tag[:120]}")
+
+
+def test_dashboard_keeps_simulation_and_replay_labels_on_language_switch():
+    """Relabelling a pinned simulation as LIVE would present fake flood data as real."""
+    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    assert "setLiveIndicator(state.liveMode || 'live', state.liveLabelKey)" in html
+    assert "if (!state.replayTimer) setLiveIndicator('live');" not in html
+
+
+def test_dashboard_default_language_respects_browser_order():
+    """navigator.languages = ['th-TH','en-US'] must resolve to Thai, not English."""
+    html = DASHBOARD_PATH.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
+
+    assert "langs.some" not in html  # the old any-English-wins test
+    assert "if (code.startsWith('th')) return 'th';" in html

tests/test_rid_reservoir.py

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ from src.rid_reservoir import (
     RidReservoirCollector,
     RidReservoirStore,
     backfill,
+    backfill_dam,
+    parse_dam_range_records,
     parse_dam_records,
 )
 
@@ -56,6 +58,47 @@ def _dams_payload(date="2026-08-13"):
     }
 
 
+def _range_row(date, **overrides):
+    """One api/dam row, shaped like the real 2024-09-24 Mae Ngat response."""
+    row = {
+        "DAM_ID": "200103",
+        "DATE_curr": date,
+        "DAM_Name": "เขื่อนแม่งัดสมบูรณ์ชล",
+        "DAM_Region": "เหนือ",
+        "DAM_QMax": "323.00",
+        "DAM_QStore": "265.00",
+        "DAM_QUsage": "253.00",
+        "DUL_Useless": "12.00",
+        "DMD_ULevel_curr": "395.91",
+        "DMD_Q_curr": "0.00",
+        "DMD_Inflow_curr": "19.06",
+        "DMD_Outflow_curr": "0.13",
+        "VAL_DMD_Q_curr": "242.87",
+        "DMD_QUse_curr": "254.87",
+        "PERCENT_DMD_QUse_curr": "96.18",
+        # Same calendar date one year earlier -> must be ignored, not stored
+        "DMD_ULevel_prev": "391.52",
+        "DMD_QUse_prev": "195.64",
+        "PERCENT_DMD_QUse_prev": "73.83",
+        "DMD_Inflow_prev": "1.64",
+        "DMD_Outflow_prev": "3.79",
+    }
+    row.update(overrides)
+    return row
+
+
+def _range_payload(dates=("2024-09-24",), rows=None):
+    return {
+        "dam_id": "200103",
+        "dam_name": "เขื่อนแม่งัดสมบูรณ์ชล",
+        "dam_region": "เหนือ",
+        "dam_coordinates": {"lat": 19.16138, "lng": 99.04011},
+        "dam_data": rows if rows is not None else [_range_row(d) for d in dates],
+        "max": {"max_DMD_QUse_curr": "254.87"},
+        "min": {"min_DMD_QUse_curr": "254.87"},
+    }
+
+
 class FakeClient:
     def __init__(self, payload=None, fail_dates=()):
         self.payload = payload or _dams_payload()
@@ -71,6 +114,28 @@ class FakeClient:
         return parse_dam_records(self.payload)
 
 
+class FakeRangeClient:
+    """Serves every day in the requested window, minus `gaps` (the real
+    endpoint omits scattered days rather than returning empty rows)."""
+
+    def __init__(self, gaps=(), fail_chunks=()):
+        self.gaps = {datetime.date.fromisoformat(d) for d in gaps}
+        self.fail_chunks = set(fail_chunks)  # (start, end) tuples that raise
+        self.calls = []
+
+    def fetch_dam_range(self, dam_id, start, end):
+        self.calls.append((dam_id, start, end))
+        if (start, end) in self.fail_chunks:
+            raise ConnectionError("boom")
+        days = [
+            start + datetime.timedelta(days=i) for i in range((end - start).days + 1)
+        ]
+        return parse_dam_range_records(
+            _range_payload(rows=[_range_row(d.isoformat()) for d in days
+                                 if d not in self.gaps])
+        )
+
+
 class TestParsing:
     def test_parse_dam_records(self):
         records = parse_dam_records(_dams_payload())
@@ -88,6 +153,46 @@ class TestParsing:
     def test_parse_empty_payload(self):
         assert parse_dam_records({}) == []
 
+    def test_parse_dam_range_records(self):
+        records = parse_dam_range_records(_range_payload(("2024-09-24",)))
+        assert len(records) == 1  # the _prev columns are last year, not a row
+        row = records[0]
+        assert row["dam_id"] == MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID
+        assert row["date"] == datetime.date(2024, 9, 24)
+        assert row["region"] == "เหนือ"
+        assert row["latitude"] == 19.16138
+        assert row["longitude"] == 99.04011
+        assert row["capacity_max_mcm"] == 323.0
+        assert row["capacity_normal_mcm"] == 265.0
+        # Agrees with api/dams for this date, at higher percent precision
+        assert row["storage_mcm"] == 254.87
+        assert row["storage_pct"] == 96.18
+        assert row["inflow_mcm"] == 19.06
+        assert row["outflow_mcm"] == 0.13
+        assert row["level_msl"] == 395.91  # DMD_ULevel, absent from api/dams
+
+    def test_parse_dam_range_records_produces_same_keys_as_dams(self):
+        assert set(parse_dam_range_records(_range_payload())[0]) == set(
+            parse_dam_records(_dams_payload())[0]
+        )
+
+    def test_parse_dam_range_zero_level_is_missing_not_a_reading(self):
+        payload = _range_payload(rows=[_range_row("2024-09-24", DMD_ULevel_curr="0.00")])
+        assert parse_dam_range_records(payload)[0]["level_msl"] is None
+
+    def test_parse_dam_range_skips_broken_rows(self):
+        payload = _range_payload(
+            rows=[
+                _range_row("n/a"),  # unparseable date
+                _range_row("2024-09-24"),
+            ]
+        )
+        assert len(parse_dam_range_records(payload)) == 1
+
+    def test_parse_dam_range_empty_payload(self):
+        assert parse_dam_range_records({}) == []
+        assert parse_dam_range_records(_range_payload(rows=[])) == []
+
 
 class TestStore:
     @pytest.fixture
@@ -160,6 +265,55 @@ class TestStore:
         # Outside the window -> excluded
         assert store.present_dates(lo, datetime.date(2026, 8, 12)) == set()
 
+    def test_daily_collector_does_not_blank_a_backfilled_level(self, store):
+        date = "2026-08-13"
+        assert store.save(parse_dam_range_records(_range_payload((date,)))) == 1
+        # api/dams has no level column at all; its rewrite must not clear one
+        dams_row = [r for r in parse_dam_records(_dams_payload(date))
+                    if r["dam_id"] == MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID]
+        assert dams_row[0]["level_msl"] is None
+        store.save(dams_row)
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        with store.engine.begin() as conn:
+            row = conn.execute(
+                text(
+                    "SELECT level_msl, storage_mcm FROM rid_reservoir_daily "
+                    "WHERE dam_id = :d"
+                ),
+                {"d": MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID},
+            ).fetchone()
+        assert float(row[0]) == 395.91  # kept
+        assert float(row[1]) == 222.01  # published columns still overwritten
+
+    def test_present_dates_per_dam(self, store):
+        lo, hi = datetime.date(2026, 8, 1), datetime.date(2026, 8, 31)
+        store.save(parse_dam_records(_dams_payload()))
+        day = datetime.date(2026, 8, 13)
+        assert store.present_dates(lo, hi, dam_id=MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID) == {day}
+        # Another dam having the date must not mark this one done
+        assert store.present_dates(lo, hi, dam_id="999999") == set()
+
+    def test_null_metadata_does_not_wipe_known_dam_details(self, store):
+        store.save(parse_dam_records(_dams_payload()))
+        blank = parse_dam_records(_dams_payload("2026-08-14"))
+        for record in blank:  # a payload that omits metadata
+            record.update({"name_th": None, "latitude": None, "region": None})
+        assert store.save(blank) == 2
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        with store.engine.begin() as conn:
+            row = conn.execute(
+                text(
+                    "SELECT name_th, latitude, region FROM rid_dams "
+                    "WHERE dam_id = :d"
+                ),
+                {"d": MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID},
+            ).fetchone()
+        assert row[0] == "เขื่อนแม่งัดสมบูรณ์ชล"
+        assert float(row[1]) == 19.16138
+        assert row[2] == "เหนือ"
+
 
 class TestCollectorAndBackfill:
     def test_run_cycle_today_and_yesterday(self, tmp_path):
@@ -245,3 +399,226 @@ class TestCollectorAndBackfill:
         )
         assert saved == 4  # first 2 days succeeded, then 5 failures -> abort
         assert len(client.calls) == 7
+
+
+class TestBackfillDam:
+    @pytest.fixture
+    def store(self, tmp_path):
+        store = RidReservoirStore(f"sqlite:///{tmp_path}/range.db", "sqlite")
+        assert store.connect()
+        return store
+
+    def test_whole_range_in_one_request(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        saved = backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 9, 24),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 10, 6),
+            client=client,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert saved == 13
+        assert client.calls == [
+            (MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID, datetime.date(2024, 9, 24), datetime.date(2024, 10, 6))
+        ]
+
+    def test_chunks_long_ranges(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        saved = backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 10),
+            client=client,
+            chunk_days=4,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert saved == 10
+        assert client.calls == [
+            (MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID, datetime.date(2024, 1, 1), datetime.date(2024, 1, 4)),
+            (MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID, datetime.date(2024, 1, 5), datetime.date(2024, 1, 8)),
+            (MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID, datetime.date(2024, 1, 9), datetime.date(2024, 1, 10)),
+        ]
+
+    def test_source_gaps_are_tolerated(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient(gaps=("2024-01-03",))
+        saved = backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 5),
+            client=client,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert saved == 4  # the day the source never published stays absent
+        assert store.present_dates(
+            datetime.date(2024, 1, 1), datetime.date(2024, 1, 5)
+        ) == {
+            datetime.date(2024, 1, d) for d in (1, 2, 4, 5)
+        }
+
+    def test_stored_days_are_skipped_and_whole_chunks_cost_no_request(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 4),
+            client=client,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        # Rerun over a wider window: the stored chunk is not re-requested and
+        # only the missing days are written
+        saved = backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 8),
+            client=client,
+            chunk_days=4,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert saved == 4
+        assert client.calls[1:] == [
+            (MAE_NGAT_DAM_ID, datetime.date(2024, 1, 5), datetime.date(2024, 1, 8))
+        ]
+
+    def test_partly_stored_chunk_saves_only_missing_days(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 3),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 3),
+            client=client,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        saved = backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 5),
+            client=client,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert saved == 4  # day 3 already present, requested but not rewritten
+
+    def test_refresh_rewrites_stored_days(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        window = dict(
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 3),
+            client=client,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert backfill_dam(store, **window) == 3
+        assert backfill_dam(store, skip_present=False, **window) == 3
+        assert len(client.calls) == 2
+
+    def test_junk_values_are_nulled_not_fatal(self, store):
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        client.fetch_dam_range = lambda dam_id, start, end: parse_dam_range_records(
+            _range_payload(
+                rows=[
+                    _range_row(
+                        "2019-01-05",
+                        DMD_QUse_curr="343292.00",
+                        PERCENT_DMD_QUse_curr="87798.47",
+                        DMD_Outflow_curr="1e12",  # beyond NUMERIC(10,2) -> NULL
+                    )
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+        assert (
+            backfill_dam(
+                store,
+                start=datetime.date(2019, 1, 5),
+                end=datetime.date(2019, 1, 5),
+                client=client,
+                throttle_seconds=0,
+            )
+            == 1
+        )
+        from sqlalchemy import text
+
+        with store.engine.begin() as conn:
+            row = conn.execute(
+                text(
+                    "SELECT storage_pct, outflow_mcm FROM rid_reservoir_daily "
+                    "WHERE date = '2019-01-05'"
+                )
+            ).fetchone()
+        assert float(row[0]) == 87798.47
+        assert row[1] is None
+
+    def test_stats_separate_an_empty_rerun_from_an_outage(self, store):
+        window = dict(
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 3),
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        backfill_dam(store, client=FakeRangeClient(), **window)
+        # Everything already stored: no request, no failure, still a success
+        stats = {}
+        assert backfill_dam(store, client=FakeRangeClient(), stats=stats, **window) == 0
+        assert stats == {"requests": 0, "failures": 0, "aborted": False}
+        # A source gap keeps requesting, but still reports no failure
+        gapped = FakeRangeClient(gaps=("2024-01-05",))
+        stats = {}
+        assert (
+            backfill_dam(
+                store,
+                client=gapped,
+                stats=stats,
+                start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+                end=datetime.date(2024, 1, 5),
+                throttle_seconds=0,
+            )
+            == 1
+        )
+        assert stats["requests"] == 1 and not stats["failures"]
+
+    def test_stats_record_failures(self, store):
+        chunk = (datetime.date(2024, 1, 1), datetime.date(2024, 1, 3))
+        client = FakeRangeClient(fail_chunks=[chunk])
+        stats = {}
+        assert (
+            backfill_dam(
+                store,
+                client=client,
+                stats=stats,
+                start=chunk[0],
+                end=chunk[1],
+                throttle_seconds=0,
+            )
+            == 0
+        )
+        assert stats["failures"] == 1 and not stats["aborted"]
+
+    def test_aborts_after_consecutive_failures(self, store):
+        start = datetime.date(2024, 1, 1)
+        chunks = [
+            (start + datetime.timedelta(days=i), start + datetime.timedelta(days=i))
+            for i in range(30)
+        ]
+        client = FakeRangeClient(fail_chunks=chunks[1:])
+        stats = {}
+        saved = backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=start,
+            end=start + datetime.timedelta(days=29),
+            client=client,
+            chunk_days=1,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+            stats=stats,
+        )
+        assert saved == 1  # first chunk succeeded, then 5 failures -> abort
+        assert len(client.calls) == 6
+        assert stats["aborted"] and stats["failures"] == 5
+
+    def test_aborts_when_db_saves_nothing(self, store, monkeypatch):
+        monkeypatch.setattr(store, "save", lambda records: 0)  # broken DB
+        client = FakeRangeClient()
+        backfill_dam(
+            store,
+            start=datetime.date(2024, 1, 1),
+            end=datetime.date(2024, 3, 1),
+            client=client,
+            chunk_days=1,
+            throttle_seconds=0,
+        )
+        assert len(client.calls) == 5  # aborted, not one request per chunk